Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Summer 2017

The purpose of this study was to comparison the effects of aqua and resistance training on insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment of β-Cell function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

For this purpose, 34 women with gestational diabetes voluntarily participated which were selected from the available sampling pool. The subjects were simple random assigned in three groups. 12 subjects participated in an aqua aerobic training group (3 days/week, 30-45 min/day, 50-70% maximum heart rate) and 11 subjects participated in an aqua resistance training group (3 days/week, 2-3 set of 15 repetition, 50-70%maximum heart rate), and 11 subjects were in control group who did not participate in any exercise program during the study period.

The results indicated that HOMA-β increased and fasting glucose decreased in the aqua resistance training (P<0.05), however no significant differences were observed between three groups. For fasting insulin and insulin resistance no significant differences observed after the intervention.

It seems likely that aqua resistance training is more effective in comparison to aqua aerobic training in improving diabetes risk factors in women with gestational diabetes.

Although the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health are well known, recent evidence demonstrated that exercise may promote brain health by increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); however it is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks resistance training on serum BDNF levels in adolescents.

Twenty four adolescents (age, 16 to 18 years) were randomly assigned to one of the training group (n=12) or control group (n=12). The training group was performed resistance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks in 2-3 sets with 12-15 maximal repetitions at 60-75% of 1-RM in each station. Biochemical parameters were measured before and 48h after the last session of training.

The results indicated that body fat percent decreased after 8 weeks resistance training (P<0.05); however, serum BDNF had no significant changes after the intervention.

Serum BDNF level was not affected by 8 weeks resistance training in the adolescents.

Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a member of the lectin family that is associate with heart failure, including myofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Although gal-3 increases after high intensity exercise, regular training may attenuate these conditions. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular endurance training on galectin-3 changes after a strenuous aerobic exercise.

Elevenhealthy young men (aged: 20.8 ± 1.8 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed Repeated High-Intensity Endurance Test (RHIET) as a strenuous aerobic exercise. Thereafter, the subjects were performed endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 60-75% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 30-45 min. After the 8 weeks intervention, the RHIET was performed a gain. Blood samples were taken at baseline (1st step), immediately after the RHIET (2nd step), 48h after 8 weeks intervention (3rd step) and immediately after the second RHIET (4th step).

The results showed that gal-3 level was increased after the first strenuous aerobic exercise (P<0.05). After 8 weeks exercise training, gal-3 was decreased compared to 2nd step of blood sampling (P<0.05) and no significant change was observed in gal-3 in this step compare to the baseline. The results indicated that gal-3 level was lower after the second strenuous aerobic exercise than compare to the after the first strenuous aerobic exercise (P<0.05).

The results suggest regular endurance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study, attenuate gal-3 changes after single session of strenuous aerobic exercise.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of low-intensity eccentric resistance training combined with and without blood flow restriction (ECCRT with BFR vs. ECCRT without BFR) on some of the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activation and proliferation of satellite cells in young non-athlete men. Twenty men with an age range of 25 ± 5 years were randomly divided into two groups of ECCRT with BFR and ECCRT without BFR (each group containing 10 subjects). ECCRT was performed using isokinetic device. It involves about 70 rpt in knee extensor muscles. Restriction was created using an air pressure meter. After local anesthesia through injecting lidocaine 1% and norepinephrine, sampling was performed from lateral broad muscle 48 hours before and 24 hours after the training, and the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activation and proliferation of satellite cells (HGF and Myf5) were examined and compared in two stages of pre-test and post-test in two situations of ECCRT with BFR vs. ECCRT without BFR. The results of this study showed that HGF and Myf5 increased after ECCRT with BFR and ECCRT without BFR (P<0.05) and the increase of HGF and Myf5 was higher after ECCRT with BFR than after ECCRT without BFR (P<0.05). It is recommended for authorities and officials in the sports field to use low-intensity ECCRT with BFR to increase HGF and Myof5.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a defined cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities that increases an individual’s risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks high intensity exercise training on MS in men with T2DM.

Sixteen sedentary overweight and obese middle-aged men (aged: 41.18 ± 6.1 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The training group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 45 min.

The results showed that waist circumference (WC) as well as triglycerides (TG), blood pressure (BP) and glucose were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in compared with the control group (P<0.05).

In conclusion, high intensity endurance training improves metabolic syndrome in men with T2DM.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an indicator released by the effect of increased intra-ventricular pressure and increased volume of ventricular myocarditis. Galectin-3 is a protein produced by the production of myocardial macrophages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an exhaustive aerobic exercise session on plasma NT-proBNP and galectine-3 levels in male runners.

A total of 12 semi-professional male runners were selected as the subject. The Bruce test protocol was used to achieve the exhaustion. The blood sample was taken before and immediately after the completion of the exhaustive endurance exercise.

The results indicated that galectin-3 was increased after the exhaustive endurance exercise (P<0.05); however for NT-pro BNP no significant change was observed.

Generally, the acute effect of exhaustive aerobic exercise on cardiac muscle function and the secretion of NT-pro BNP and galectin-3 seem to be different. It seems that galectin-3 has a higher sensitivity. However, more research is needed in this regard.